The Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion for Votubia® (everolimus) tablets* for the treatment of patients aged 3 years and older with subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), who require therapeutic intervention but are not amenable to surgery. If approved, Votubia will be the first medication available for these patients in the European Union (EU).
Tuberous sclerosis complex, also known as tuberous sclerosis (TS), may cause benign tumors to form in vital organs and can affect many different parts of the body, most commonly the brain[5],[6]. Signs of TSC vary depending on which system and which organs are involved[5]. SEGAs, or benign brain tumors, occur in up to 20% of patients with TSC[1]. Tuberous sclerosis complex is also associated with a variety of resulting disorders including seizures, swelling in the brain (hydrocephalus), developmental delays and skin lesions[1],[2],[5]. Currently, brain surgery is the only treatment option for patients in the EU with growing SEGAs associated with TSC[1].
The CHMP positive opinion is for a conditional approval based on a prospective, open-label, single-arm, Phase II study of 28 patients. Results showed that 78% of patients (21 of 27) experienced a reduction of 30% or greater in the size of their largest SEGA and 33% (9 of 27) experienced a reduction of 50% or greater at six months relative to baseline[1].
"The positive CHMP opinion for Votubia is encouraging as it may lead to the approval of the first medication in the European Union for patients with this challenging disease," said Hervé Hoppenot, President of Novartis Oncology. "Our focus on tuberous sclerosis complex research reflects the commitment Novartis has made to develop innovative therapies to help address unmet medical needs."
The European Commission generally follows the recommendations of the CHMP and delivers its final decision within three months of the CHMP recommendation. The decision will be applicable to all 27 EU member states plus Iceland and Norway.
Regulatory approvals have already been granted for SEGA associated with TSC in the United States, Switzerland, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, the Philippines and South Korea. Additional submissions to global regulatory agencies are under way worldwide.
Everolimus targets mTOR, a protein that acts as an important regulator of tumor cell division, blood vessel growth and cell metabolism[8]. Tuberous sclerosis complex is caused by defects in the TSC1 and/or TSC2 genes[5]. When these genes are defective, mTOR activity is increased, which can cause uncontrolled tumor cell growth and proliferation, blood vessel growth and altered cellular metabolism, leading to the formation of benign tumors throughout the body, including the brain[1]. By inhibiting mTOR activity in this protein pathway, everolimus may reduce cell proliferation, blood vessel growth and glucose uptake related to SEGA associated with TSC[1].
Tuberous sclerosis complex is a genetic disorder affecting approximately one to two million people worldwide[5]. In Europe, the prevalence in the general population is estimated to be nearly nine cases per 100,000[7].
About the Phase II Study
This prospective, open-label, single-arm study was conducted in 28 patients aged three years and above (median age=11, range 3-34) with evidence of serial SEGA growth[1].
In the study, 78% of patients (21 of 27) experienced a reduction of 30% or greater in the size of their largest SEGA and 33% (9 of 27) experienced a reduction of 50% or greater at six months relative to baseline. This evidence is based on an analysis of change in SEGA volume. No patient developed a new SEGA, had worsening hydrocephalus or required surgery or other therapy for SEGA while receiving everolimus[1].
The most common adverse reactions reported (incidence >=10%) in the prospective, open-label, single-arm trial were infections, increased aspartate transaminase (AST), mouth sores, increased cholesterol, decreased white blood cell count, increased alanine transaminase (ALT), increased triglycerides, decreased hemoglobin, fever, decreased glucose, acneiform dermatitis, increased glucose, diarrhea, decreased platelet counts, acne, cough and increased creatinine. The only grade 3 adverse reactions were infections (single cases of sinusitis, pneumonia, tooth infection and viral bronchitis), and single cases of mouth sores, elevated AST concentrations and decreased neutrophil count. No grade 4 adverse reactions were reported. However, the reliability of the frequency of adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities reported in this trial is limited because of the small number of patients.
All data from the Phase II study submitted to the EMA are based on the cut-off date of December 9, 2009.
About everolimus
Votubia® (everolimus) tablets is approved in Switzerland for the treatment of patients 3 years of age and older, with SEGA associated with TS, for whom surgery is not a suitable option. Should everolimus be approved in the EU, the trade name will be Votubia. In the US, Afinitor® (everolimus) tablets is approved to treat patients with SEGA associated with TS who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection. The effectiveness of everolimus is based on an analysis of change in SEGA volume. Clinical benefit such as improvement in disease-related symptoms or increase in overall survival has not been shown.
Afinitor is approved in the US for the treatment of progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease. The FDA determined that the safety and effectiveness of Afinitor in the treatment of patients with carcinoid tumors have not been established. Novartis has submitted a marketing application for everolimus to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for this use, and additional regulatory submissions are under way worldwide.
Afinitor is approved in the EU for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) whose disease has progressed on or after treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy and also in the US for the treatment of patients with advanced RCC after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib.
In the EU, everolimus is available in different dosage strengths for the non-oncology patient population under the trade name Certican® for the prevention of organ rejection in heart and kidney transplant recipients. In the US, everolimus is available in different dosage strengths under the trade name Zortress® for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients at low-moderate immunologic risk receiving a kidney transplant.
Everolimus is exclusively licensed to Abbott and sublicensed to Boston Scientific for use in drug-eluting stents.
Not all indications are available in every country. Because of the uncertainty of clinical trials, there is no guarantee that everolimus will become commercially available for additional indications anywhere else in the world.
About Novartis
Novartis provides healthcare solutions that address the evolving needs of patients and societies. Focused solely on healthcare, Novartis offers a diversified portfolio to best meet these needs: innovative medicines, eye care, cost-saving generic pharmaceuticals, consumer health products, preventive vaccines and diagnostic tools. Novartis is the only company with leading positions in these areas. In 2010, the Group's continuing operations achieved net sales of USD 50.6 billion, while approximately USD 9.1 billion (USD 8.1 billion excluding impairment and amortization charges) was invested in R&D throughout the Group. Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, Novartis Group companies employ approximately 119,000 full-time-equivalent associates and operate in more than 140 countries around the world.
*Known as Afinitor® (everolimus) tablets for this patient population in some countries. If approved in the EU for this patient population, the trade name will be Votubia.
1. Krueger, et al. Everolimus for Subependymal Giant-Cell Astrocytomas in Tuberous Sclerosis. New Eng J Med 2010;363:1801-11.
2. Adriaensen ME, et al. Prevalence of subependymal giant cell tumors in patients with tuberous sclerosis and a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol 2009;16:691-6.
3. Nabbout R, et al. Early diagnosis of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in children with tuberous sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:370-375.
4. Medkour A, et al. Neonatal Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma. Pediatr Neurosurg 2002;36:271-274.
5. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Tuberous Sclerosis Fact Sheet. Available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tuberous_sclerosis/detail_tuberous_sclerosis.htm. Accessed June 2011.
6. Inoki, et al. Tuberous sclerosis complex, implication from a rare genetic disease to common cancer treatment. Human Molecular Genetics 2009;18(1):R94-R100.
7. Orphanet Report Series."Prevalence of rare diseases: Bibliographic Data." Available at http://www.orpha.net/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Prevalence_of_rare_diseases_by_alphabetical_list.pdf. Accessed June 2011.
8. Motzer, et. al. Phase 3 Trial of Everolimus for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer 2010 Sep;116(18):4256-4265.